Gemstones and metals have been used in jewelry for centuries, and they often carry symbolic and cultural meanings. While the meanings associated with gemstones and metals can vary across different cultures and time periods, here are some historically significant meanings:

Gemstones:

1. Diamond: Diamonds are known for their durability and brilliance. Historically, they have symbolized purity, strength, and invincibility. They have been associated with love and considered a symbol of eternal commitment and fidelity.

2. Ruby: Rubies are often associated with passion, love, and vitality. They have been regarded as a stone of courage and power, believed to protect the wearer from harm and bring good fortune.

3. Sapphire: Sapphires are associated with wisdom, nobility, and divine favor. They are often seen as a symbol of truth and faithfulness. Blue sapphires, in particular, have been linked to calmness and spiritual enlightenment.

4. Emerald: Emeralds have been associated with rebirth and renewal. They symbolize fertility, love, and prosperity. They have been considered a stone of harmony and balance, believed to promote healing and emotional well-being.

5. Pearl: Pearls are unique among gemstones as they are formed by living organisms. They have symbolized purity, innocence, and wisdom. Pearls have been associated with femininity and considered a symbol of beauty and elegance.

Metals:

1. Gold: Gold has long been associated with wealth, power, and luxury. It symbolizes prosperity, abundance, and success. Gold is often considered a sacred metal and has been used in religious and ceremonial contexts.

2. Silver: Silver is associated with purity, clarity, and reflection. It has been used as a symbol of femininity and intuition. Silver is often associated with the moon and has been believed to enhance psychic abilities and promote emotional well-being.

3. Platinum: Platinum is a rare and precious metal. It symbolizes durability, strength, and endurance. It is often associated with wealth and exclusivity and has been used as a symbol of prestige and luxury.

4. Copper: Copper has been associated with healing and energy. It is believed to have grounding properties and is associated with balance and vitality. Copper is also considered a metal of luck and prosperity in some cultures.

5. Bronze: Bronze is an alloy of copper and tin. It has been associated with strength, courage, and resilience. Bronze has been used in jewelry to commemorate achievements and honor significant events.

It's important to note that these meanings can vary across cultures and may have changed over time. Additionally, personal interpretations and beliefs also play a significant role in assigning meanings to gemstones and metals in jewelry.